Skin cancers are divided into non-melanoma (basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma) and melanoma. BCC is the most common, accounting for around 75% of cases. SCC accounts for approximately 25%. Melanoma is the least common but most dangerous type as it can spread internally.

Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in Ireland. There are more than 13,000 cases of skin cancer diagnosed each year, of which 1,100 are melanoma. Incidence is increasing exponentially as cases are expected to double by 2040.

The danger varies by type. BCC rarely spreads and is rarely life-threatening if treated promptly. SCC has a slightly higher risk of spreading. Melanoma is the most dangerous and can be life-threatening if not detected early; however, melanoma detected at an early stage is often highly treatable.

Melanoma is caused by damage to the DNA of skin cells, primarily from UV radiation (sunlight or sunbeds). Risk factors include fair skin, a history of severe sunburn especially during childhood, a large number of moles, a family history of melanoma, and a weakened immune system.

Limit UV exposure, use broad-spectrum SPF 30+ sunscreen daily, avoid sunbeds, wear protective clothing including a hat, and perform monthly self-examinations using the ABCDE checklist. Have regular professional mole checks, especially if you are high risk.

Early detection dramatically improves outcomes. Skin cancers caught and treated early are almost always curable. Melanoma that is detected and removed at an early stage is often highly treatable, whereas advanced melanoma is far more difficult to manage.

Seek medical advice from a dermatologist or GP as soon as possible. Do not wait to see if it resolves on its own. The sooner a suspected skin cancer is assessed, the better the outcome.

Depending on the size, type and location of the lesion, treatment options include cryotherapy, topical chemotherapy, curettage and cautery, surgical excision, and Mohs surgery. Your dermatologist will recommend the most appropriate option.

Mohs micrographic surgery is most commonly used to treat basal cell carcinoma one thin layer at a time, examining each layer immediately under a microscope until all cancer cells are gone. It has the highest cure rate for the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer (up to 99% for new cancers), preserves the maximum amount of healthy tissue, and provides same-day confirmation that all cancer has been removed.

This depends on the technique used. Mole shaving and simple excision can take less than 30 minutes. Mohs surgery can take 3–4 hours due to the iterative removal and examination process.

You will receive aftercare instructions from your surgeon. A follow-up appointment will be arranged if required. Your dermatologist will recommend a schedule of ongoing monitoring, as patients with one skin cancer are at higher risk of developing another.